Stand By Me

Our critics and writers choose their favorite albums of the year, including a new “Rigoletto,” Philip Glass piano works and free-jazz arrangements.

Unroasted beans contain similar if not higher levels of acids, protein, sugars, and caffeine as those that have been roasted, but lack the taste of roasted coffee beans due to the Maillard and other chemical reactions that occur during roasting.

The majority of coffee is roasted on a large scale, but small-scale roasting has grown with the trend toward specialty shops.

 Equipment

The most common roasting machines are of two basic types: drum and hot-air, although there are others including packed-bed, tangential and centrifugal roasters. Roasters can operate in either batch or continuous modes. Home roasters are also available.